This paper constructs the index of population comprehensive quality by factor analysis method using average school years, education Gini coefficient, old-age dependency ratio, urban population ratio etc. during 1997-2010 in 32 provinces．Then the author proceeds the overall and regional mixing panel data regression in Douglas production function model. Report shows that: The quality of the population has significant influence on economic growth.There are obvious differences in the quality of the population between the eastern, central, western and northeastern region with disparities in the contribution rate of economic growth. The western region is changing from labor-intensive stage of development to the capital-pull stage, the central and northeastern regions are transiting from the capital-pull stage to the population quality driven phase, the eastern region is the quality of the population to promote continued economic optimization phase. This study also proposes initiatives and proposals according to differences in regional development.