Population is the mediating variable to build the link between the society and economy while spatial distribution of population is a global issue. In contemporary China, migration, as a result of the urbanization, is determined by the level of socio-economic development. Urbanization is the main content of the evolution of the urban-rural and regional demographic distribution during the process of demographic, economic and social interaction. On the temporal level, the mode and evolution of socio-economic development is endogenous to the population and structural changes. On the spatial perspective, the suitability of regional demographic distribution includes both urban-rural and regional content. Through combing and concluding the literature, we believe that it is of high value for academic innovation and practice instruction to summarize the characteristics of demographic spatial distribution and to explore the pattern of spatiotemporal evolution. As the most populous country, China is striving for the economic and social stability to solve the population issue. China’s development has come to the crossroads, so population studies cannot disregard/ignore the changing circumstances. It is not only an important academic proposition, but also a conundrum of social and economic practice. Research and analysis should be based on China’s reality. The logic mainline through this paper is demographic transition and spatial distribution. The theme is the coordinated development of population, society and economy. The target is to construct a theoretical framework of spatial distribution of the Chinese population.