Through the historical changes, we can always find the example of the transformation of small peasant which lasted more than 30 years. In China, the grain production is not a simple form argument, is the reconstruction of social and economic resources allocation mechanism. The research is on the micro-mechanism of the small-scale peasant production, and to estimate the production function of the rice plant, and reveal the possibility of the production frontier. The results show that:in the case of efficiency loss, the 72.3% can be controlled, and the random and non efficiency is 27.7%, the price expectation of small peasant directly affects the planting will, the probability of rice planting area reduce reached 13%. The economic and social preparation work of rural society transition has been slow to follow. For the realization of agricultural and rural development and stability of target, the key is to weigh the pros and cons, reconstruction efficiency and fairness of the overall situation; it all depends on human effort, the grain production which implants peasant's socialization characteristics has much layers of design. The development of agriculture and rural areas in the future needs to seek the internal balance between society and economy, and reconstruct new understanding of the economic efficiency of small peasants.