As an important part of China's national governance, business environment governance is an important symbol of the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, as well as an outstanding performance of Chinese path to modernization in the economic field, highlighting the modernization level of national governance. Therefore, firmly grasping the development direction of business environment, we should adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, take Chinese path to modernization as the goal, and take the achievements and experience of Marxism sinicization as the basis, and transform the institutional advantages of the business environment into national governance effectiveness. Guided by Chinese path to modernization as the direction of business environment governance, and supported by the theories of economic development of major countries, new-new trade theory and Marxist political economy, this paper deeply analyzes the internal mechanism of business environment governance in the perspective of building a new development pattern. That is, the economic theory of major countries starts from "modernization with a huge population scale". From the realistic perspective of population size diversity and market diversity, it reveals the importance of building a strong domestic market. The Chinese path to modernization goals of common prosperity, harmony between material civilization and spiritual civilization and harmonious coexistence between man and nature are consistent with the logic of new-new trade theory based on enterprise heterogeneity, exploring enterprise potential, paying attention to enterprise participation and social responsibility, and finally realizing the overall benefits of the industry. Marxist political economy pursues the goal of national economic benign circulation, from the angle of domestic and international dual cycles, interprets the political economy connotation of peaceful development road. Secondly, based on three theoretical bases, this paper analyzes the multi-dimensional dynamic logic of business environment governance to promote economic development from the perspective of new development pattern, namely, the logic of market-oriented allocation of elements based on the theory of major country economic development, the logic of upgrading industrial chain and supply chain based on the new-new trade theory, and the logic of modern circulation system construction based on Marxist political economy. Finally, this paper integrates the multidimensional dynamic logic of business environment governance into the objective orientation and strategic choice of China's building of a new development pattern, and puts forward a market-oriented reform path, innovation-driven path and delegating power, improving regulation and upgrading services path of business environment governance from the perspective of building a new development pattern. The three action paths complement each other and work together. Institutional innovation will inject a steady stream of vitality into the economic system of the new development pattern.