The orderly political participation of the people is an important link in the building of democratic politics and an effective way to promote scientific decision-making and social modernization. The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasizes the expansion of people’s orderly political participation. Orderly political participation means institutionalized political participation, and in this context, it is of particular significance to explore the factors affecting people’s institutionalized political participation and their paths of action. People’s institutionalized political participation is affected by multiple internal and external factors, including the level of perceived honesty and integrity as the people’s direct evaluation of the government’s style of work and image, the level of government trust as the embodiment of the government’s credibility and the psychological basis of people’s political life, which may all have an impact on people’s political participation behavior. Therefore, based on the data from China General Social Survey (CSS) and using the theory of planned behavior as the analytical framework, this study attempts to explore the internal influence mechanism of perceived honesty and integrity and institutionalized political participation, specifically: the action path of perceived honesty and integrity and political participation; whether government trust is a part of the path; whether there are differences in people’s trust in governments at all levels, and whether they play different roles in the path. By using SPSS and Process plug-in to analyze and test the data, this study draws the following main conclusions: 1) The level of honesty and integrity perception positively affects people’s political participation behavior; 2) The level of honesty and integrity perception positively affects the level of government trust; 3) The level of government trust positively affects people’s political participation behavior; 4) The level of government trust plays a fully mediating role in the relationship between honesty and integrity perception and political participation; 5) There is differential government trust in China, with the level of people’s trust increasing in order from local to central government; 6) In the fully mediating role of government trust, it is central government trust that plays the main role. Accordingly, this study further puts forward targeted countermeasure suggestions from the aspects of broadening the channels of institutionalized political participation, enhancing public understanding, publicizing the effectiveness of anti-corruption, and strengthening the government’s image building, with a view to perfecting the various chains of participation, thus enhancing the citizens’ sense of anti-corruption, honesty and integrity, narrowing the distance between the government and the people, promoting the orderly political participation of the citizens, and thus advancing the process of political democratization in the new era of China. Starting from the two macro issues of anti-corruption and democracy, this study explores the relationship between the perception of honesty and integrity, government trust and political participation at the micro individual level. Theoretically, it is a new attempt to enrich the research perspectives of institutionalized political participation and improve its path construction; practically, it is a new landing point, providing certain revelatory suggestions for practical scientific decision-making and democratization of political construction; realistically, there is certain reference significance in the construction of the internal logic of the macro-issues of anti-corruption and democracy, both of which together serve the essential feature of socialist democratic politics in China—the people as masters of the country.