Political security is the fundamental issue of national security. Preventing political risks and safeguarding political security are inevitable requirements for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and achieving new victories in comprehensively building a socialist modern country. In the new journey of promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization, China’s development has entered a period of coexistence of strategic opportunities and risks and challenges, and uncertainties and unpredictable factors are increasing. From the perspective of derivative mechanism, the characteristics of political risk in the perspective of Chinese modernization mainly include its own double-sided and objective nature, its derivative multi-source and potential nature, and the long-term and feasibility nature of its prevention. In addition, the political risk is derived from the endogenous political risk that some members and cadres of the Communist Party of China shake their political beliefs and lose their ideals and beliefs, and the exogenous political risks such as rapid changes in the international situation and widespread awareness of major power competition. According to the review, the main manifestations of political risk from the perspective of Chinese modernization can be summarized into two aspects: the risk of deviation in the direction of political construction and the risk of poor political construction effect. Vague political leadership, lost political belief, weakened political system, shaken political foundation, lack of political ability, and polluted political ecology are the six manifestations. To prevent political risks, we must first clarify the logical starting point of upholding the leadership of the Communist Party of China and upholding the people’s dominant position; establish a response system from the three aspects of accurate perception, scientific prediction, and collaborative prevention; strengthen systematic governance and improve the rule of law system to strictly enforce political discipline and cultivate the political ecological atmosphere; stabilize political belief, stand firm in political position, enhance political ability, and carry forward the spirit of struggle to consolidate political education and ensure unswerving ideological belief. Chinese modernization is the organic unity of Chinese characteristics and the continuous advancement of modernity, and modernization is inevitably accompanied by risks and challenges, and the closer to the realization of the goal of modernization, the more risks and challenges to face. On the road to modernization accompanied by risks and challenges, we should always bear in mind the sense of crisis, seriously implement the overall national security concept, strengthen research and prevention of political risks, and ensure the ruling position of the Communist Party of China and the security of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics.