The integration of technological innovation and industrial innovation is a key pathway to building a modern industrial system and achieving high-quality economic development. Amid intensifying global technological competition and accelerating industrial restructuring, technological innovation not only serves as a crucial driver of national competitiveness but also forms the foundation for constructing an autonomous and controllable modern industrial system. However, the integration of technological and industrial innovation in China still faces several challenges, including regional disparities, redundant industrial construction, and slow technological industrialization. This paper systematically analyzes the strategic significance of innovation integration, explores the multiple practical challenges hindering its development, and proposes practical pathways for promoting the integration of technological and industrial innovation. These include strengthening national strategic scientific and technological capabilities, building a core technology breakthrough system, optimizing technology transfer mechanisms, fostering urban-rural integrated innovation, advancing education-technology-talent integration, and improving the global innovation governance system. This study aims to provide theoretical support and policy recommendations for advancing Chinese-style modernization.