New quality productive forces are a major innovation of the sinicization and modernization of the Marxist theory of productive forces, with a deep foundation of historical materialism. New quality productive forces are a complex system containing brand-new qualitative elements led by scientific and technological innovation, and they are advanced quality of productive forces in line with the new development philosophy, which require accelerating the formation of production relations that are more compatible with them. New quality productive forces in agriculture are the concrete practice and vivid embodiment of new quality productive forces in the field of agriculture. In the process of Chinese path to modernization, the formation and development of new quality productive forces can guarantee the supply of agricultural products, improve the efficiency and quality of agricultural production, promote the upgrading of the structure of the agricultural industry, facilitate the green and low-carbon transformation of agriculture, expand and optimize agricultural resources and markets, and ultimately inject new kinetic energy into the high-quality development of agriculture. At present, empowering high-quality development of agriculture with new quality productive forces still has such practical dilemmas as insufficient innovation and application of agricultural science and technology, shortage of specialized high-quality talents in agriculture, relative lag in the development of digital infrastructure in agriculture, low degree of integration of the whole agricultural industry chain, and the corresponding institutional mechanism is not sound, which affect the effectiveness of new quality productive forces. We need to promote scientific and technological innovation breakthroughs in key areas of agriculture and their transformation and application, strengthen the construction of new agricultural production and management personnel, promote the construction of new agricultural infrastructure, accelerate the construction of a modernized agricultural industrial system, and develop institutional mechanisms that are more compatible with new quality productive forces in agriculture, so as to better empower high-quality development of agriculture with new quality productive forces.