Promoting the synergistic development of digital economy and rural revitalization in all respects is an important path to high-quality development, and it is of great significance to explore the new development path in the central, eastern and western regions of China. Based on provincial data from 2012 to 2020, the study adopts the entropy value method to establish an evaluation system of indicators for digital economy and rural revitalization, measures the synergistic development level of China’s digital economy and rural revitalization through the coupling and coordination model, analyzes the regional and temporal differences in synergistic development as well as the evolution of the synergistic development in China and the east, central and west regions by using the Dagum’s Gini coefficient decomposition and kernel density analysis, and uses the Markov chain model to explore the evolutionary trend of the synergistic development of digital economy on rural revitalization in China and the eastern, middle and western regions under different spatial lag conditions and make predictions. The results show that: 1) the degree of synergistic development of digital economy and rural revitalization in China and various regions shows a steady increase in time series; and spatially, it shows a basic pattern of high in the east and low in the west and similar agglomeration. 2) From the national scale, although the level of synergistic development of China’s digital economy and rural revitalization is unbalanced, the overall difference shows a shrinking trend, and the inter-regional difference is the main source of the overall difference. From the regional scale, the order of differences in the degree of coupling and coordination between the digital economy and rural revitalization is that the inter-provincial (municipal) differences in the eastern region are higher than those in the western and central regions. 3) The level of synergistic development of China’s digital economy and rural revitalization has been steadily rising. Disparities in this development level among provinces within the eastern region remain notable, with a diminishing polarization effect; the overall gap in the development level across the central region has been shrinking continuously, yet the gap with the eastern region is still substantial; the western region sees a relatively balanced level of synergistic development, but the overall development remains underdeveloped, and a trend of growing multi-polarization has emerged. 4) The synergistic development of China’s digital economy and rural revitalization is trending upward from a medium-high level to a high level; the eastern region, based on good synergistic development and giving full play to its existing advantages, is likely to transfer to a high level after three years, and vice versa will inhibit its development; the level of synergistic development of different provinces within the central region will converge to a higher level in the next three years, showing the obvious evolution of convergence in improvement; while the degree of synergistic development in the western region will decrease with the prolongation of the time span in the next three years, and will continue to show a downward trend. Accordingly, the following recommendations are made: first, implement national policies to consolidate the development gains and seek progress while maintaining stability; second, implement a localized approach to create advantages in coordinated regional development; and third, implement a differentiated development strategy and build a mechanism for regional exchanges and learning.