In the face of negative population growth, correctly understanding the issue of demographic dividend is an important prerequisite for accurately grasping the relationship between China’s population and economy in the new era. The concept of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development is not only a guiding principle for leading high-quality development, but also a novel perspective for examining the comprehensive demographic dividend. From the perspective of its connotation and characteristics, the comprehensive demographic dividend in the new era is an extension and expansion of the traditional demographic dividend theory in terms of development foundation, core concepts and value pursuit. It is based on China’s new historical orientation and development process, takes population conditions such as size, structure, quality and distribution as the foundation, and guided by the new development philosophy. Through adaptive adjustment of policies and measures, the demographic advantages can be cultivated, consolidated and reaped, promoting the internal balance and external coordination of the population and economic system, and laying a solid demographic foundation for high-quality development. The concept of comprehensive demographic dividend is systematic, phased and unified, and its foundation is population, the key is comprehensiveness, and the core is dividends. From internal logic, the total size, age structure, comprehensive quality, and spatial distribution of the population are important components of the comprehensive demographic dividend. Although there are still practical obstacles to the release of demographic advantages, we can fully leverage the positive role of population factors in promoting high-quality development by taking advantage of the existing demographic conditions and opportunities of demographic transformation based on the interactive relationship between population and economy. In the process of Chinese modernization, we should not only realize the current reality of negative population growth and fully tap and utilize the existing demographic conditions, but also look to the future trends of population development, and actively explore and cultivate the demographic advantages of structure optimization, quality improvement and reasonable distribution. We should take the adjustment and improvement of relevant policies and systems as the path to guide population development to conform to the demands of the new development philosophy, so as to actively respond to the trend characteristics of population development and the goals and tasks of high-quality development. By further improving policies on childbirth and elderly care, promoting the construction of a strong educational system, and optimizing the urban pattern system, high-quality development of population and economy can be realized and provide strong support for Chinese modernization.