Against the backdrop of the ongoing technological revolution and industrial transformation, the driving force of the digital economy has been continuously strengthening, with digital technology innovation emerging as a core driver of future development. Chinese enterprises, however, still face numerous challenges, including high risks and partial blockages in industrial and supply chains, which necessitate targeted policy support from the government. This paper uses an analytical framework based on the technological, organizational, and environmental dimensions, employing data from A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2015 to 2022. Various econometric models, including the two-way fixed effects model and moderation effect model, are used to analyze the mechanism through which government procurement affects enterprise digital technology innovation. Additionally, the paper explores the impact of industrial and supply chain resilience on the effectiveness of government procurement in driving innovation. The results show that government procurement policies significantly promote enterprise digital technology innovation, a conclusion that is robustly verified through a series of endogeneity and robustness tests, including instrumental variables, propensity score matching (PSM), Heckman two-stage estimation, variable substitution, and alternative econometric models. The mechanism analysis reveals that government procurement optimizes the allocation of digital assets, enhances digital talent reserves, and reduces R&D uncertainty, thereby incentivizing firms to innovate in digital technologies. Further research indicates that industrial and supply chain resilience plays a crucial role in enhancing the impact of government procurement on digital technology innovation. Specifically, improving the resistance and recovery characteristics of supply-demand relationships within the industrial and supply chains—between the government, enterprises, and among enterprises—can effectively reduce risks and uncertainties during policy implementation, ensuring the smooth achievement of government procurement policy objectives. From a regional perspective, the analysis shows that the effectiveness of government procurement in incentivizing digital technology innovation is influenced by the geographic location of enterprises and the attributes of procurement regions. Enterprises in eastern region, in particular, receive more significant incentives from central government procurement. In the context of urban agglomeration development, government procurement within cities and urban agglomerations primarily promotes innovation in enterprises located in central cities, while procurement outside these agglomerations tends to incentivize digital technology innovation in peripheral city enterprises. The findings of this paper provide theoretical and empirical support for optimizing government procurement policies, thus effectively incentivizing enterprise digital technology innovation. This has significant implications for driving the development of digital economy through digital technology innovation and enhancing industrial and supply chain resilience.