Theoretical reflection in the blockchain storage of electronic data as evidence
Citation Format:
XIE Dengke, ZHANG He. Theoretical reflection in the blockchain storage of electronic data as evidence[J]. Journal of Chongqing University (Social Science Edition), 2025(2): 241-252. Doi: 10.11835/j.issn.1008-5831.fx.2022.12.001.
重庆大学学报(社会科学版) 第31卷 第2期 241-252
Journal of Chongqing University (Social Science Edition) Vol.31 No.2 : 241-252
Theoretical reflection in the blockchain storage of electronic data as evidence
XIE Dengke
ZHANG He
School of Law, Jilin University, Changchun130015, P. R. China
Citation Format:
XIE Dengke, ZHANG He. Theoretical reflection in the blockchain storage of electronic data as evidence[J]. Journal of Chongqing University (Social Science Edition), 2025(2): 241-252. Doi: 10.11835/j.issn.1008-5831.fx.2022.12.001.
Abstract
Authentication is an important way to exam and identify electronic evidence, and it's also a prerequisite for judging the evidence capability of electronic evidence. As the king of evidence in the age of network information, electronic evidence is being used in an increasingly wide range of judicial practices. However, electronic evidence is virtual and is easily tampered with, which makes the examination of the completeness and authenticity of electronic evidence more difficult. How to ensure that electronic evidence will not be tampered with or deleted in evidence circulation is the important and difficult points in authentication. Because distributed ledger, asymmetric cryptographic algorithm, timestamp and other technologies are embedded in blockchain storage, the electronic evidence can't be tampered with and deleted after entering the blockchain, and the work of authentication can be accomplished. With the increasingly widespread application of blockchain storage technology in social life and work areas, its combination with electronic evidence derives the electronic evidence of blockchain, a new type of electronic evidence. Some scholars take the blockchain storage of electronic evidence as electronic evidence of blockchain, and discuss the authentication of such electronic evidence. But the two are different, with the latter a type of electronic evidence and the former a way of authentication. In addition, they are differing in the time of evidence preservation, degree of authenticity and identity, factual relevance, value function and so on. Thus, from the perspective of the function of blockchain storage, if the electronic evidence has been authenticated, it doesn't need to be authenticated again. If we authenticate it again, the legitimacy and necessity of implementing the blockchain storage of electronic evidence in judicial practice will be greatly reduced. As a way of authentication, blockchain storage is differ from electronic evidence of blockchain in terms of authenticity and identity. This misconception taking blockchain storage as electronic evidence of blockchain and authenticating it stems mainly from theoretical misunderstanding of the blockchain storage of electronic evidence. The generation of electronic evidence of blockchain depends on the generation and development of blockchain technology, and has the unique characteristics of blockchain technology. The generation of electronic evidence which is storaged by blockchain aren't depend on the blockchain technology. The blockchain storage platform is the tool for preserving and fixing the electronic evidence, which will not generate new evidence to prove the facts of a case. It undertakes the same functions as traditional authentication methods, which makes authentication about electronic evidence move from systematic presumption of authenticity to self-attestation of authenticity by technology, and promotes the diversified development of electronic evidence authentication. What's more, blockchain storage of electronic evidence can only provide guarantee for the formal authenticity of electronic evidence entering the blockchain and the opposite party also can challenge the authenticity.
Keywords
electronic data; blockchain storage; electronic data of blockchain; technical authentication; evidence capability;
由于实物证据形态的多样性和案件事实的差异性,司法实践中对实物证据鉴真所采用的鉴真方法并不固定,而是具有灵活、开放的特点[ 吴洪琪. 电子数据完整性的法律定位与理论反思[J]. 国家检察官学院学报, 2024(1): 146-160. 29]。美国《联邦证据规则》第901(b)条列举了包括“知情证人的证言”“关于笔迹的非专家意见”“专家证人或者事实审判者所进行的比对”等在内的多种鉴真方法,在法庭审理过程中,具体适用何种鉴真方法,需要结合案件具体情况灵活选择[ 王进喜. 美国《联邦证据规则》(2011年重塑版)条解[M]. 北京: 中国法制出版社, 2012: 313, 325. 30]313。这种对鉴真方法开放式的列举规范为引入新的鉴真方法奠定了制度空间,为电子数据鉴真方法朝着多元、开放、技术性方向发展扫清了制度上的障碍。传统鉴真方法在电子数据真实性审查认定中发挥作用的同时,由于完整性校验值、可信时间戳等技术鉴真方法所具有的便利性和有效性,逐渐被司法工作人员、当事人、律师们所接受,在电子数据鉴真中的使用也越来越广泛。例如,美国《联邦证据规则》第901(b)条第9项规定“表明系统或程序能产生准确结果的证据材料”,可以作为电子数据的鉴真方法之一。此时,电子数据鉴真并非依据其自身特征,而主要是结合计算机系统或程序的稳定性、数据形成的可重复性来推定电子数据具有真实性,即数据输出结果的可检验性作为电子数据鉴真的基础依据[ 罗纳德. J. 艾伦, 理查德. B. 库恩斯, 埃莉诺·斯威夫特. 证据法:文本、问题和案例[M]. 张保生, 王进喜, 赵滢,译. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2006: 229. 31]。2017年12月,美国《联邦证据规则》第902条在原有自我鉴真条款的基础上增加了第13、14项,明确了电子数据自我鉴真的两种新方法。其中,第14项规定对于从电子设备或存储介质中复制的数据,若已由适格人员经相应数字认证程序或方法予以认证,就可以实现自我鉴真。该规则就允许当事人依据普遍接受的标准或方法来便捷、快速地证明电子数据真实性[ SCHUPANITZ A, CHOU J L. Judges' treatment of federal rules of evidence 902(13) and 902(14)[J]. Department of Justice Journal of Federal Law and Practice, 2020(5): 109-129. 32]。这些方法主要包括完整性校验值、数字签名、区块链存证等技术手段。2019年3月,美国佛蒙特州将区块链记录作为电子数据自我鉴真方法在《佛蒙特州证据规则》中予以明确规定,证据提出者可以从数据入链时间、区块生成时间、区块链记录阶段等方面审查区块链存证电子数据的真实性。若符合法定条件,区块链存证电子数据则满足自我鉴真的要求,可以直接认定其具有形式真实性和同一性。我国最高人民法院2021年出台《人民法院在线诉讼规则》第16条明确了区块链存证后电子数据的法律效力 《人民法院在线诉讼规则》第16条:当事人作为证据提交的电子数据系通过区块链技术存储,并经技术核验一致的,人民法院可以认定该电子数据上链后未经篡改,但有相反证据足以推翻的除外。 ⑧,对于区块链存证的电子数据,经技术核验一致的,原则上可以推定其具有真实性和同一性,这实际上已经赋予区块链存证对电子数据的鉴真效力。但是,相对于通过电子数据运行的计算机系统或程序稳定性来推定其真实性的技术性鉴真方法,区块链存证则主要是通过电子数据完整性校验值的分布式存储和智能合约自动比对来审查电子数据的真实性和同一性,实现了电子数据技术性鉴真方法从“系统推定真实”向“技术自证真实”的扩展。当然,区块链存证作为电子数据自我鉴真的技术性方法,也仅能实现对电子数据形式真实性和同一性的认定,而对于其实质内容的真实性,仍然需要结合案件其他证据材料综合判断。
鉴真作为审查电子数据是否具备证据能力的要素之一,对已经通过有效鉴真且符合证据能力规则要求的电子数据,仍然允许对方当事人提出证据对真实性予以反驳和质疑。但是,此时该方当事人所提出的证据是用于攻击所采证据的证明力或可信性[ 罗纳德. J. 艾伦, 理查德. B. 库恩斯, 埃莉诺·斯威夫特. 证据法:文本、问题和案例[M]. 张保生, 王进喜, 赵滢,译. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2006: 229. 31]325。例如,在Frank R. Whitaker v. US案中,辩护方基于计算机记录存在被篡改的可能性,主张控诉方提交的电子数据不符合证据鉴真规则要求。联邦上诉法院认为,对计算机文件存在被篡改的可能性不过是一种没有任何证据支持的假象,在缺乏明确证据证明发生了篡改的情况下,仅以存在篡改的可能性并不影响计算机记录具备自我鉴真的要求[ 何家弘. 美国电子证据规则[M]. 北京: 中国检察出版社, 2004: 39. 33]。在Novak v. Tucows案中,法院指出在证据具备自我鉴真功能的情况下,以没有经过鉴真审查的互联网网页内容记录不具有真实性而主张证据不可采的,应由互联网存档系统的雇员明确指出该内容记录确系被篡改[ KAREN G. Authenticity of archived websites: The need to lower the evidentiary hurdle is imminent[J]. Rutgers Computer and Technology Law Journal, 2013(39): 216-245. 34]。在电子数据区块链存证中,当事人将电子数据哈希值上传至存证链上之后,广播至链上节点,每个区块会被自动标记一个时间,表明该数据写入时间,即时间戳。相较于链上数据内容需要由用户主动上传,时间戳系数据被写入时自动生成,结合区块链分布式存储特点,电子数据区块链存证具备自我鉴真的效果。对于通过区块链存证而予以有效自我鉴真的电子数据,仅意味着其具备了形式真实性,对方当事人仍然可以从实质真实性层面对电子数据予以反驳和质疑。
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KARENG. Authenticity of archived websites: The need to lower the evidentiary hurdle is imminent[J]. Rutgers Computer and Technology Law Journal, 2013(39): 216-245.