Abstract:As a cultural symbol in the process of Chinas modernization, individual can be called the keyword in the transitional era. Small self(Xiaoji小己), a new term Yan Fu used to express the concept of the individual in the modern West, is first found in his translation of The Study of Sociology(Qunxue yiyan《群学肄言》) and is derived from Sima Qians the Records of the Historian(Shiji《史记》). Yan Fus translation strategy is to use Confucianism to explain the West, and the birth of the small self(Xiaoji 小己) reflects his typical group-self view with the characteristic of combining the East and the West, in which he paints a layer of Confucian ethics for the Western neutral concept of individual, and interprets Spencers sociological thought into a kind of group-self view that endorses Confucian value, and pursues a balance between Group and Self. In the context of modern localization, Yan Fu translated individual with traditional vocabulary represented bysmall self(Xiaoji 小己), trying to reconcile the contradiction between the Western concept of individualism and Confucian political ethics and helping Western concepts to complete the transformation in the Chinese context. He has made remarkable contributions to the construction of modern Chinese academic discourse and the mutual appreciation between Chinese and Western civilizations. Under the impact of foreign words, small self(Xiaoji 小己) still has a market, and there are many cases in modern newspapers and periodicals that use small self(Xiaoji 小己) to express the concept of individual. It is also included in the early modern Anglo-Chinese dictionaries. This shows the spread of small self(Xiaoji 小己) in modern times, and its cultural influence can be proved from the perspective of historical acceptance. The names used to translate individual in the late Qing Dynasty presented a complex scene from the very beginning, such as person(人), human(人人), individual(个人), private(私), self (己), small self(小己) and Yaoni(么匿), which naturally competed and coexisted for quite a long period. When reviewing the historical trajectory of individual in the translation of English, and examining the development and evolution of individual discourse in modern Chinese ideological history, we should fully recognize that the translation of small self(Xiaoji 小己) is of great merit and has an irreplaceable cultural value. In this way, we can further consider the local translation of the Western concept of individual in the context of modern China, as well as the construction of Chinese personal discourse and the emergence of the modern concept of the individual in China.

Abstract:The debate of benevolence in Analects of Confucius mainly focuses on whether the concept of benevolence has a clear definition and whether it is systematic. In the Analects of Confucius, the essence of benevolence (loving others) and its adjacent concept virtue were clearly explained by abbreviation in a specific context. Zhu Xis relevant notes A truly benevolent person is kind-hearted and knows how to love others can be taken as evidence. In the Analects of Confucius, it also explained the origin (filial piety), and function (benefiting the country and the people) of benevolence, and further explained the practical requirements such as courtesy, leniency, honesty, diligence and kindness, I want to stand firm, and also let others stand firm; I want to succeed, and also let others succeed, dont impose on others what you dont like, and controlling yourself to restore rites, with love as their core. The boundary is formed by the concepts of benevolence in it, near benevolence, rarely benevolence and non-benevolence. Compared with Laozi and Socrates, it was the clearest definition of the concept in the early axis age and had been used up to now. In addition to the explanation of what is benevolence, the Analects of Confucius also explained how to be benevolent and what was a benevolent person, which was a complete and original Confucian system of benevolence composed of concept, practice characteristics and practice subjects. Based on practical wisdom and social benefits, the theory of benevolence in the Analects of Confucius established the conditions for becoming a benevolent person: having attitude to right and wrong, love and hate; paying attention to the actual performance of benefiting the country and loving the people, who do not demand perfection, and do not just have a reputation. It has important value for the construction of modern human ethics and social progress.

Abstract:The problem ,especially scientific problem is a very important basic concepts of scientific epistemology or methodology. Problems not only be associated with the world, but also connected with the other four basic concepts：undesirability, attention, difficulty and solvability. These four core relevant concepts show the content and the forming process of the problem in the concept sense. These four constituting elements and their mutual relations about problem was discussed by analysing and evaluating the Gene P·Agres thought about concept of problem.