With the continuous advancement of the lunar exploration project, lunar construction has become a crucial technological aspect in establishing human base on the Moon. In order to explore the potential of lunar regolith as a construction material, this study investigated the reinforcement of simulated regolith simulant CQU-L1 and CQU-L2 with microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP). Tests on unconfined compressive strength (UCS), shear wave velocity, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were conducted on the MICP treated lunar regolith simulant with different reinforcement times and concentrations of cementing solution (CS). Results indicate that with an increase in MICP reinforcement times and CS concentration, strength of the cured lunar regolith simulant significantly improves. Under the same reinforcement frequency, the strength of the cured lunar regolith simulant increases with the increase in CS concentration. The peak strength of samples reinforced 12 times with 2.0 mol/L CS can reach 1.303 MPa. The trend of soil shear wave velocity is similar with UCS, with a maximum shear wave velocity of 508 m/s. SEM test results demonstrate that with an increase in reinforcement frequency and CS concentration, a denser structure forms in the pores of the cured lunar regolith simulant, and calcium carbonate shows vaterite type. This study provides a new approach to lunar construction using lunar resources and is expected to provide important technical support for future lunar base construction.