In urban construction, the safety and economic efficiency of pit excavation projects are crucial. Traditional pit support structure design methods typically rely on conservative strategies and focus primarily on strength control, which leads to inefficiencies in precise deformation control and fails to meet the complex demands of modern urban construction. To address these issues, this paper introduces a new reverse-design multi-objective optimization model that integrates deformation control with economic efficiency, aimed at enhancing the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pit support structure designs. The model includes a bilaterally coupled deformation calculation model for pit supports, a multi-objective framework that integrates deformation control and cost optimization, and a solution strategy based on metaheuristic algorithms. Comparative analysis with four types of metaheuristic algorithms, along with in-depth case studies of actual engineering projects, demonstrates that this method not only effectively achieves precise deformation control but also optimizes cost efficiency. Notably, the semi-empirical and semi-random heuristic algorithms demonstrate superior efficiency and versatility in addressing complex optimization challenges.