In order to reduce the safety and health hazards of the enclosure, on the basis of the field sampling and the orthogonal experiment, the influence of the growth characteristics of the dominant bacteria in order to expand the database of the dominant mold in the building and provide reasonable support for predicting the growth risk of mold under fluctuating temperature and humidity. First, mildew samples were obtained in Lingnan typical farmhouses by scraping, and high-throughput sequencing was used to identify the dominant bacterial species; then 22 ℃, 26 ℃, 30 ℃ and 60%, 70%, 85% temperature and humidity combinations were used to study the growth characteristics of the dominant bacteria on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and establish a kinetic model with time and temperature and humidity. Finally, 26 ℃, 30 ℃, 34 ℃ and 50%, 90% ambient temperature and humidity combinations in the artificial climate chamber to study the growth characteristics of the dominant bacteria on common building materials. The results show that in Lingnan area, the dominant fungus on the surface of rural residential envelope structure with large white ash as the interior surface material are Cladosporium, Neoderiesia and Acremonium; 26 ℃ is the environmental temperature for the spore to grow and reproduce; the higher the relative humidity, the faster the growth; Gompertz model and response surface model can show the growth characteristics of spores on the culture medium.