The railway station building, as a large-scale public building, has the characteristics of complex structural system, high population flow and long service life. Once the structure failure occurs, it will cause the serious social impact. In order to ensure the structural safety of the railway station building to the greatest extent, including monitor the health of the station structure effectively and discover the damage of the station structure timely, , it is necessary to carry out the health monitoring on the railway station building structure. This paper combined with the engineering case of large railway station building, summarized the composition and structural characteristics of large railway station building and introduces the composition of health monitoring system of station building. Meanwhile, considering two different stages of construction and operation, this paper analyzed the main monitoring objects and contents of large railway station building dividing into three parts, such as roof layer, column-less canopy and rail bearing layer. Finally, it pointed out the problems to be solved in the application of health monitoring in the construction of railway station buildings, with a view to promoting the development of health monitoring in the structure of large railway station buildings.