To further clarify the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced concrete, carbon fiber was added to polymer concrete for modification, and the impact resistance of polymer concrete reinforced by different content of carbon fiber was studied. The impact compression test was carried out using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test system, so as to investigate the influence of carbon fiber content on the impact resistance of polymer concrete in terms of stress-strain curve, strength and deformation characteristics, and impact toughness. The test results showed that with continuous increase of carbon fiber content, the impact resistance of polymer concrete first increased and then decreased, and when the content was up to 0.2%, the dynamic compressive strength of the concrete, as well as the deformation capacity under high strain rate compression load, was at maximum. Therefore, the optimal content of carbon fiber is 0.2%.