Permeability is the most important index affecting the durability of concrete. At present, the test methods of concrete permeability, whether water permeability or chloride permeability, have the disadvantages of time-consuming and operation inconvenience. To solve the problem of real-time and in situ monitoring of concrete permeability, this paper studied the evaluation technology of concrete permeability by transient resistance based on DC step input. The influences of different water-binder ratios, mineral admixtures, water saturation, and ambient temperature on the electrical resistivity of concrete were researched. The relationships between the resistivity and the strength, capillary water absorption rate, water permeability, and chloride permeability resistance were analyzed. The results show a good association between the transient resistance test and current permeability methods. The recommended values of transient resistance for evaluation of concrete permeability are proposed, and it is verified that the transient resistance can be used to evaluate the permeability of concrete.