Textile dyeing wastewater is one of the most difficult industrial wastewaters to treat because it contains a large amount of toxic and refractory pollutants such as dyes, heavy metals. The traditional biological treatment process has certain limitations, such as poor toxicity resistance, low treatment load, and being affected by the external environment, making it difficult to efficiently treat this type of wastewater. Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has a high content of extracellular polymeric substances and contains a large number of functional groups such as amino groups and carboxyl groups. In addition, it has different redox microenvironments, which can effectively adsorb and degrade pollutants. However, there are still limitations in the removal of heavy metals from printing and dyeing wastewater by AGS, and there is still much room for improvement in the decolorization and mineralization efficiency of dyes. According to the pollutant characteristics of textile dyeing wastewater, the advantages of AGS technology and the removal mechanism of heavy metals and azo dyes in wastewater are summarized and discussed. The research progress of AGS treatment simulation and actual textile dyeing wastewater is reviewed, and the operation mode is summarized and analyzed. Based on the limitations of heavy metal ion removal, insufficient dye degradation, and the complexity of actual wastewater, the development direction is prospected, in order to provide a reference for the future research on the efficient treatment of textile dyeing wastewater by AGS.