Concrete exhibits exceptional mechanical properties and durability. However, conventional curing methods are ineffective in addressing the issues of autogenous shrinkage and cracking during the early stages. Internal curing technology effectively enhances the internal moisture distribution of concrete, mitigates shrinkage cracking, and improves durability. This paper investigates the internal curing mechanism of concrete and analyzes its influence on the durability of concrete. By incorporating pre-wetted lightweight aggregates or super-absorbent polymers into the concrete, water can be released as the moisture surrounding the aggregate decreases. This process fills the unsaturated pores in the concrete and increases the meniscus radius of the pore solution, thereby achieving internal curing. Internal curing promotes cement hydration around the aggregate, improves the compactness of the interfacial transition zone; alleviates concrete cracking caused by self-desiccation, and enhances cracking resistance. Moreover, it obstructs the transmission path of corrosive media, improves concrete permeability, and enhances corrosion resistance against ions, gases, and other corrosive agents. After water release, the internal curing material creates a substantial number of pores in the concrete. These pores aid in releasing the expansion pressure resulting from the freezing of the concrete pore solution, thereby improving frost resistance. Additionally, the pores of lightweight aggregate provide space for the deposition of expansive gel, reduces the occurrence of alkali-aggregate reaction. This paper summarizes the advantages of concrete internal curing technology and looks forward to its future application, providing a reference for further research and field application of this technology.