大足石刻北山佛湾诃利帝母造像风化机理研究
CSTR:
作者单位:

1.大足石刻研究院;2.重庆大学

基金项目:

重庆市大足区科技发展项目(DZKJ,2021ABB1001);重庆市自然科学基金创新发展联合基金(CSTB2022NSCQ-LZX0001);重庆市科研院所绩效激励引导专项项目(cstc2021jxjl00004)


Study on Weathering Mechanism of the Hariti Statue in Fowan of the Beishan Rock Carvings at Dazu
Author:
Affiliation:

1.Dazu Engraving Research Institute;2.Chongqing university

Fund Project:

Chongqing Dazu District Science and Technology Development Project(DZKJ,2021ABB1001); Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Innovation and Development Joint Fund(CSTB2022NSCQ-LZX0001); Chongqing Municipal Scientific Research Institute Performance Incentive Guidance Project(cstc2021jxjl00004)

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    摘要:

    大足石刻北山佛湾诃利帝母龛造像具有极高的文化、历史、艺术价值,但其风化严重,造像的长久保存面临着严峻的挑战。为研究诃利帝母造像风化机理,本文对造像病害进行了细致的调查,在诃利帝母造像岩体表层收集风化尘土样品进行X射线衍射(XRD)和离子色谱 (IC) 等分析,测试了其矿物组成和可溶盐的含量,并通过气象和空气质量综合监测站对造像区域的空气温度、相对湿度、降雨量等气象参数和二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)等大气污染物浓度进行长期监测。病害调查结果显示尘土及粉化剥落是造像石质和彩绘最主要危害。XRD分析表明,造像矿物成分以石英、斜长石、石膏为主,风化程度较大,石膏等成分在化学风化作用下易受各种酸的作用而分解。IC分析表明,硫酸根离子(SO42-)、硝酸根离子(NO3-)和氯离子(Cl-)含量较高,其酸性腐蚀和盐析作用加速造像矿物风化解体。环境监测结果表明,区域处于70%~80%高湿范围内,空气温度受季节影响波动较大,夏季最高温度超40℃。温暖潮湿环境容易诱发石质文物风化,当温度波动伴随着湿度变化时,更会增加风化的风险。造像区域大气污染较严重,大气颗粒物是最主要的污染因子,颗粒物中的化学物质与SO2、NO2等酸性气态污染物会催化岩石表面矿物质的侵蚀。本文解析了石质文物风化的影响因素和潜在机理,其结果可为湿热地区石质文物预防性保护提供重要参考依据。

    Abstract:

    The Hariti Statue in Fowan of the Beishan Rock Carvings at Dazu has a very high cultural, historical and artistic value, but its weathering disease is serious, the statue of the long-term preservation is facing a serious challenge. In order to study the weathering mechanism of the Hariti Statue, this paper made a detailed investigation on the diseases of statues. The samples of weathered dust were collected from the surface of the rock mass of the Hariti Statue for X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ion chromatography (IC) analysis, which tested the mineral composition and the content and composition of the soluble salts. The meteorological parameters such as air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and the concentration of atmospheric pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 2.5-micrometer Particulate Matter (PM2.5), inhalable particles (PM10) in the study area were monitored for a long time by the Integrated Meteorological and Air Quality Monitoring Station. The results of disease investigation showed that dust and chalking flaking were the most important diseases to the stone and painting of the statue. XRD test showed that the mineral composition was dominated by quartz, plagioclase feldspar and gypsum. These mineral components have a large degree of weathering, and some components such as gypsum are susceptible to the decomposition under chemical weathering by various acids. IC analysis showed high content of Sulfate Ion (SO42-), Nitrate Ion (NO3-) and Chloride ion (Cl-), whose acidic corrosion and salinization accelerate the weathering and disintegration of the artifactual minerals. The results of environmental monitoring showed that the area was in the high humidity range of 70%~80%. The air temperature fluctuates greatly depending on the season, and the maximum temperature in the area of the statue is over 40℃ in summer. The warm and humid environment is easy to induce the weathering of stone cultural heritage, and when the temperature fluctuation is accompanied by the change of humidity, the risk of weathering will be increased. The air pollution in the statue area is serious, among which atmospheric particulate matters are the most important pollution factors. The chemicals in particulate matter along with acidic gaseous pollutants such as SO2 and NO2 will catalyze the erosion of minerals on rock surfaces. This study analyzed the influencing factors and potential mechanism of weathering of stone cultural heritage. The results can provide an important reference for the preventive protection of stone cultural heritage in hot and humid regions.

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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-09
  • 最后修改日期:2023-11-09
  • 录用日期:2023-11-20
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