Pile-anchor structure is one of the most common supporting structures in earthquake and landslide control. How to improve its seismic toughness under strong earthquakes is a problem worth studying. In this study, a viscous damper is set on the anchor cable, and ECC materials are used to make anti-slide piles to construct a new type of pile-anchor structure system, which optimizes the seismic performance of the pile-anchor structure. Through shaking table test, the dynamic response laws of the new pile-anchor structure are obtained from the aspects of macroscopic failure phenomenon, model dynamic characteristics, acceleration response, pile displacement response, dynamic bending moment response, dynamic axial force response, etc., so as to reveal the seismic performance and action mechanism of the new pile-anchor structure. The test results show that the installation of the damper can reduce the dynamic axial force of the anchor cable and the seismic energy transferred to the pile, and the use of ECC material can effectively improve the toughness of the pile and enhance the energy dissipation capacity of the anti-slide pile under earthquake action. The combined use of the two can significantly improve the seismic performance of the supporting structure. The research results can provide reference for the seismic performance optimization and design of pile-anchor structure.