In response to the increasing design requirements for foundation pit engineering in urban construction, this study proposes a multi-objective optimization model that integrates deformation control with economic principles for improving the design of foundation pit support structures. The model comprises three main parts: a bilateral coupling deformation calculation model for foundation pit support, a multi-objective optimization model that simultaneously considers deformation control and economic efficiency, and a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm for model search and solution. By analyzing and comparing the efficacy of four meta-heuristic algorithms and conducting detailed analysis with practical engineering cases, the study demonstrates that the proposed method can effectively achieve deformation control design for foundation pit support structures, with accuracy heavily reliant on the deformation calculation model and economic model. This research offers a new approach for the design of deformation control in foundation pit engineering, providing practical application value.