建筑业高度依赖人工操作,是典型的劳动密集型产业。但建筑业当下正面临着日益严重的安全管理压力和劳动力短缺等问题。建筑机器人的使用可以有效缓解这些现有问题,避免从业人员直接参与危险繁重的施工作业,提高施工现场的自动化与管理水平。然而,现阶段的建筑机器人的自主化水平有限,自动化的建造方式难以覆盖建筑业生产活动的各种工艺,这决定了未来的智能建造将长期并高度依赖人机协作的生产模式。本文梳理了建筑机器人的技术基础和研究前沿,回顾了新一代智能建筑机器人的发展历程,总结了施工建造活动中典型的人机协作模式,讨论了当下建筑机器人及人机协作技术在建筑业的发展和应用挑战,并对未来应重点关注的研究方向提出了建议。

As a typical labor-intensive sector, the construction industry heavily relies on human workers. However, the current construction industry has to confront challenging issues of labor shortages and safety management. Deploying construction robots can effectively alleviate these problems and promote the automation level in projection execution and management. Latest studies have reported that future intelligent construction modes would rely on a long-term and highly cooperative production model involving human-robot collaboration. To this end, this paper reviews the technological foundation and cutting-edge research in construction robots, traces the development of the new generation of intelligent construction robots, summarizes typical human-robot collaboration modes in construction activities. Then, this study discusses the development and application challenges of current construction robots and human-robot collaboration technologies and proposes recommendations for future research directions.