Artificial freezing method has become a key construction technology for underground space engineering to cross the water-rich rock layer, and the mechanical properties of the frozen wall need to be studied by comprehensively considering the effects of its internal pore ice content and freezing temperature. In this paper, the mechanical parameters of pore ice and rock are equated by applying the mixing law theory of meso-mechanics, and the Weibull distribution is used to describe the probability of micro-elementary damage, and the damage constitutive model of rock considering pore ice is established. The validation results of triaxial compression tests show that the model parameter equivalization improves the fitting accuracy of the stress-strain curve for the whole process of freezing sandstone significantly, which is about 7.22% higher than that of the conventional model. The results of the evolution analysis of the characteristic parameters m and F confirm the enhancement effect of pore ice on the homogenization and average strength of the rock mass. In addition, the physical significance of the model parameter system is clear, with a view to providing theoretical references for the study of rock mechanical properties and the design and construction of artificial freezing engineering under low-temperature environment.