蒋毅(1983-), 男, 博士, 主要从事城市热环境研究, E-mail:
Jiang Yi (1983-), PhD, main research interest: urban thermal environment, E-mail:
Zhao Lihua (corresponding author), professor, doctorial supervisor, E-mail:
为揭示夏季湿热地区城市室外人行空间行人和骑行者的热舒适特点及热环境需求,通过实验观测及问卷调查相结合的方法,对人行空间的热环境水平,行进中的行人和骑行者的热感觉、热舒适、热环境偏好及热接受度进行了统计和相关性分析。分析结果表明,随着人行空间阴影率的变化,行人的热感觉变化比骑行者更敏感,舒适性水平低于骑行者;行人和骑行者的不舒适因素主要为过大的太阳辐射和过高的温度,SET*值越低,行人和骑行者感觉越舒适。使用者对夏季人行空间的热环境需求,行人为SET*≤ 30.2℃,对应热感觉TSV ≤ 1.4;骑行者为SET*≤ 32.9℃,对应热感觉TSV ≤ 1.5,行人和骑行者的热舒适状况和热需求存在一定的差异,遮荫率越小,差异越大,行人对热环境的要求更高。
To reveal the thermal comfort characteristics and thermal environment requirements of outdoor pedestrians and cyclists in hot and humid areas in summer, the methods of environmental parameters testing and questionnaire survey was used to investigated the thermal environment status, thermal comfort, thermal environment preference and thermal environment acceptability of pedestrians and riders, then correlation analysis was carried out. The results show that with the change of shading rate, thermal sensation of pedestrians are more sensitive than that of cyclists, and the comfort level is lower than that of cyclists. The main uncomfortable factors are excessive solar radiation and temperature. The lower the SET* value, the more comfortable pedestrians and cyclists feel. The thermal requirement for pedestrians is that SET* ≤ 30.2℃, TSV ≤ 1.4, for cyclists SET* ≤ 32.9℃, TSV ≤ 1.5, Pedestrians have higher requirements for thermal environment.
绿色出行可以缓解城市交通拥堵,降低交通能耗,改善城市空气质量,对生态城市建设有重要作用。夏季是一年中最炎热的季节,对该季节行进中行人和骑行者的热舒适特点和差异进行研究,有助于对室外人行空间的热环境进行优化,提高人行空间的使用频率。
室外空间微气候是影响使用者使用和评价室外空间的重要因素[
室外热舒适具有一定的地域特性,不同地域的人群具有不同的气候适应性[
人行空间热环境设计是通过乔、灌、草的不同配置方法,与下垫面构造一起营造良好的室外环境,对局部热环境气候产生影响。对同属湿热地区台湾的研究[
研究场地的鱼眼照片[
Hemisfer photos of investigation field
研究场地[
Investigation field
以华南理工大学五山校区校园内6处典型人行空间及路过人群为研究对象,采用夏季典型气象日各人行空间的阴影率为区分指标,将人行空间分为3种类型:第1种是全遮荫类型,阴影率范围SAR≥0.70,阴影率较大,如
采用实验观测和问卷调查相结合的方法,研究室外人行空间行人和骑行者夏季室外热舒适特点及差异。问卷调查和观测实验于2018年6月28日进行,当天实验时段内天气晴朗,如
测试时间段温湿度
Temperature and humidity during the measure period
测试时间段太阳辐射和风速
Solar radiation and wind speedduring the measure period
问卷发放时间为9:00—18:00,问卷包括3部分内容:第1部分是基本信息统计,如年龄、性别、籍贯、着装及出行方式等,服装热阻的取值参考ANSI ASHRAE Standard 55-2017 [
在问卷发放时间段内不间断地对人行空间问卷发放点周围的热环境参数:空气温湿度、风速、黑球温度和太阳辐射进行观测记录。仪器的选择参考ISO 7726:1998[
实验仪器、量程及精度
Experimental instruments, range and accuracy
变量 | 测试仪器 | 量程 | 精度 |
温度 | HOBO Pro V2 | -40~70 ℃ | ±0.2 ℃ |
相对湿度 | HOBO Pro V2 | 10%~90% | ±2.5% |
风速/风向 | 意大利Deltaohm | 0~5 m/s | (0~1 m/s); |
黑球温度 | 意大利Deltaohm | -10~100 ℃ | (1~5 m/s) |
太阳辐射 | HD3201.1 | 0~2 000 W/m2 | ±2% |
调查共收集问卷562份,详细构成信息见
样本信息
Sample information
类型 | 合计 | 行人 | 骑行 | |||
男性 | 女性 | 男性 | 女性 | |||
全遮荫 | 169 | 71 | 57 | 23 | 18 | |
部分遮荫 | 203 | 86 | 75 | 26 | 16 | |
无遮荫 | 190 | 84 | 64 | 25 | 17 |
对热感觉投票结果进行统计如
各路段最多投票热感觉
Maximum number of thermal sensation votes
人群 | 全遮荫 | 部分遮荫 | 无遮荫 | 季节汇总 |
行人 | 微暖(+1) | 热(+3) | 热(+3) | 热(+3) |
骑行者 | 微暖(+1) | 暖(+2) | 热(+3) | 暖(+2) |
行人热感觉投票分布
Thermal sensation votes by pedestrians
骑行者热感觉投票分布
Thermal sensation votes by riders
行人和骑行者的热感觉投票差异比较
The difference of thermal sensation votes by pedestrians and riders
行人和骑行者的热舒适投票结果如
各路段最多热舒适状态投票
Maximum number of thermal comfort votes
人群 | 全遮荫 | 部分遮荫 | 无遮荫 | 季节汇总 |
行人 | 舒适 | 稍有不适 | 不舒适 | 稍有不适 |
骑行者 | 舒适 | 稍有不适 | 稍有不适 | 稍有不适 |
行人热舒适投票
Thermal comfort votes by pedestrians
骑行者热舒适投票
Thermal comfort votes by riders
行人和骑行者的热舒适投票差异比较
The difference of thermal comfort votes by pedestrians and riders
行人和骑行者的热环境参数偏好如
行人的热环境参数偏好投票
Thermal preference votes by pedestrians
骑行者的热环境参数偏好投票
Thermal preference votes by riders
对太阳辐射和温度的偏好:各路段行人和骑行者不存在增大投票,在全遮荫路段,骑行者对太阳辐射的接受度都较高;行人对太阳辐射接受度较高,希望温度降低的投票最多。随着阴影率SAR的减小,行人和骑行者希望减小太阳辐射和温度的趋势均增大。
对风速的偏好:各路段行人希望增大风速的投票均最多;骑行者在部分遮荫和无遮荫路段希望风速增大的投票最多,在全遮荫路段希望维持不变的比例最多,说明风速偏好跟阴影率存在相关性。
湿热地区夏季湿度高,但行人和骑行者对于湿度都没有明显的偏好,希望维持不变的投票最多。
采取的分析方法为,从问卷中选择热舒适投票为非舒适的问卷,即稍有不适(+1)、不舒适(+2)和非常不舒适(+3)的问卷,统计这些问卷中行人和骑行者希望改变的环境因素,结果如
行人的不舒适因素
Uncomfortable factors of pedestrians
骑行者的不舒适因素
Uncomfortable factors of riders
采用标准有效温度SET*定量评价室外慢行空间的热舒适特点,为建立对应不同SET*值热感觉范围,将SET*值进行1 ℃分组,并对分组内的热感觉值取平均值,然后对SET*值及对应的热感觉均值采用SPSS软件进行分析,研究其相关性。结果如
行人热感觉投票与SET*的相关性
Correlation between thermal sensation vote and SET* of pedestrians
骑行者热感觉投票与SET*的相关性
Correlation between thermal sensation vote and SET* of riders
行人和骑行者热感觉投票与SET*的相关性关系式
Correlation formula between thermal sensation vote and SET* of pedestrians and riders
人群 | 关系式 | |
行人 | TSV = 0.51SET*-14.05 | 0.92 |
骑行者 | TSV = 0.34SET*- 9.67 | 0.71 |
由
对行人和骑行者热舒适投票值和标准有效温度SET*进行相关性分析,分析结果如
行人热舒适投票和SET*的相关性
Correlation between thermal comfort vote and SET* of pedestrians
骑行者热舒适投票和SET*的相关性
Correlation between thermal comfort vote and SET* of riders
行人和骑行者热舒适投票与SET*值的相关性
Correlation formula between thermal comfort vote and SET* of pedestrians and riders
人群 | 关系式 | |
行人 | TCV = 0.29SET*-8.11 | 0.92 |
骑行者 | TCV = 0.20 SET*-5.64 | 0.74 |
由
先将行人和骑行者的热接受投票按每1 ℃SET*值分组,然后进行SPSS回归分析,探讨热接受跟标准有效温度SET*之间的关系。ASHRAE Standard 55[
行人不可接受百分比与SET*的相关性
Correlation between thermal unacceptable percentage and SET* of pedestrians
骑行者不可接受百分比和SET*的相关性
Correlation between thermal unacceptable percentage and SET* of riders
行人和骑行者不可接受百分比和SET*值的关系式
Correlation formula between thermal unacceptable percentage and SET* of pedestrians and riders
人群 | 关系式 | |
行人 | URV=10.27SET*-300.32 | 0.93 |
骑行者 | URV=4.61SET*-141.57 | 0.84 |
对应90%热接受率的SET*、热感觉范围
Range of SET* value and thermal sensation corresponding to 90% thermal acceptable percentage
人群 | 90%热接受率SET*值范围/℃ | 90%热接受率热感觉范围 |
行人 | ≤30.2 | ≤1.4 |
骑行者 | ≤32.9 | ≤1.5 |
由
研究采用问卷调查结合热环境观测的方法,对夏季湿热地区室外人行空间的热环境状况,使用者的热舒适状况进行调查,定性和定量地评价了行人和骑行者的热舒适特点、热环境需求及两类人群之间的差异性,主要结论如下:
1) 随着阴影率SAR的减小,行进中行人的热感觉变化非常敏感,当环境阴影率SAR减小至0.7以后,行人出现最多“热”投票并且不适的投票数超过舒适的投票数;当环境阴影率SAR减小至0.3以后,骑行者出现最多“热”投票并且不适的投票数超过舒适的投票数。
2) 夏季行人和骑行者的不舒适因素主要为太阳辐射和温度。湿热地区夏季湿度非常高,但是两类人群对湿度都没有明显的偏好,也不是产生不舒适的因素。
3) 夏季行人和骑行者的热感觉投票与环境标准有效温度SET*均呈线性关系。随着夏季人行空间环境标准有效温度的变化,行人热感觉的变化比骑行者更敏感,引起一个标尺热感觉变化的SET*度数,行人为2.0 ℃,骑行者则为2.9 ℃。
4) 行人和骑行者的热舒适投票与SET*均呈线性关系,SET*值越低,舒适性越高。使用者对夏季人行空间的热环境需求,行人为:SET*≤30.2 ℃,TSV≤1.4;骑行者为:SET*≤32.9 ℃,TSV≤1.5。
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