白伦华(1990-), 男, 博士, 助理研究员, 主要从事大跨径桥梁理论研究, E-mail:
Bai Lunhua(1990-), PhD, assistant research fellow, main research interest: analysis theory of large span bridges, E-mail:
Shen Ruili(corresponding author), professor, doctoral supervisor, E-mail:
以经典力学理论及有限单元法为主要研究手段,建立各类桥梁结构在各种工况下的解析(近似)解或数值解,探求各类桥梁结构的力学性能,是桥梁结构分析理论的研究范畴。近年来,随着如波形钢腹板箱梁桥、多塔斜拉桥、多塔悬索桥等新的结构形式的出现,桥梁结构分析理论中箱梁的空间分析理论及缆索承重桥梁分析理论两个传统课题取得了长足的进步。为了能够更好地适应当前桥梁建设形势,服务工程实践,回顾了相关研究,对文献内容进行分类分块报道,主要阐述了波形钢腹板箱梁理论、传统箱梁空间分析理论的拓展、多塔悬索桥中塔效应、缆索承重桥梁的极限承载力及钢-UHPC桥面系的相关研究成果,并引申探讨箱梁及缆索承重桥梁理论精细化分析方法存在的不足之处,总结相关的实际工程应用情况,对后续研究提出建议。
Based on the main analysis methods including the classic mechanics and the finite element method, to establish analytical solutions and numerical solutions of various types of bridges under different situations to explore the mechanical behavior of bridge structures is the category of the bridge structure analysis theories. In recent years, with the emergence of new structural forms such as corrugated steel web box girder bridge, The space analysis theory of box girder and the analysis theory of cable-bearing bridge have made great progress.To meet the requirements of current bridge construction situations and to better serve the practical engineering, through reviewing related research, the present paper reports literatures into separate parts, and mainly expounds some focus issues including shear lag of box girders with corrugated steel webs, extension of traditional box girder spatial analysis theory, central tower effects of multi-tower suspension bridge, ultimate capacity of cable-supported bridges and steel-UHPC composite bridge deck system, and extends to explore shortages of box girder and cable-supported bridge refined analysis theories. It is summarized the engineering applications of the research theory, and corresponding suggestions are made to the future study.
桥梁结构分析理论的基本问题是桥梁体系、构件中力与变形的求解。传统理论主要涵盖了桥梁结构的空间分析理论、各类梁桥(包括钢桥、混凝土梁桥及组合梁桥)、拱桥及大跨度桥梁(缆索承重桥梁为主)的静力计算理论,桥梁施工过程的时变力学问题也是桥梁结构分析理论研究的一个方面[
论文综述了传统桥梁结构分析理论的研究进展,包括箱梁结构的空间分析理论及缆索承重桥梁计算理论两个分支,只包含静力分析。每部分对热点研究问题进行重点阐述,包括波形钢腹板箱梁理论、传统箱梁空间分析理论的拓展、多塔悬索桥中塔效应、缆索承重桥梁的极限承载力及钢-UHPC桥面板,分析存在的不足之处,总结相关理论的工程应用情况,在此基础上提出后续研究的建议。
高性能装配式组合桥梁结构在桥梁工程学科工程开发前沿占据重要一席,波形钢腹板的使用对高性能装配式组合桥梁结构的发展创新具有重要的作用[
典型的波形钢腹板箱梁形式(变化底板结构形式)
Typical box girders with corrugated steel webs including various structures of lower flange
张紫辰等[
波形钢腹板组合箱梁的扭转模型及验证情况[
Pure torsional model of the box girder with corrugated steel webs and its verification[
对经典箱梁理论的延伸研究也有一些报道,可以归纳成两条研究主线:1)基于解析法的传统箱梁理论的延伸。如郭增伟等[
对波形钢腹板箱梁及普通箱梁理论的研究主要采用解析法(能量法、比拟杆法等)对材料处于弹性范围内的情况而开展,对影响箱梁空间受力行为的许多因素均有不同程度的考虑,但仍存在方法局限性大、不易应用推广等缺点。文献中建立的有限元模型以板壳/实体有限元模型为主,对箱梁空间模型的探讨及应用不足,如单梁、多梁、梁格模型等空间杆系模型的研究缺乏。这些模型虽在计算精度上存在一定的缺失,但从文献[
中国海洋桥梁工程的调研报告指出[
多塔悬索桥的中塔效应
Central tower effects of multi-tower suspension bridge
沈锐利、王秀兰及Zhang等学者对多塔悬索桥的中塔效应进行了研究。沈锐利等[
不同中塔刚度对结构刚度的影响[
Effects of central tower stiffness on structure stiffness[
由于桥塔形式多样、分析方法不统一等,现阶段对几座已建多塔悬索桥中塔刚度取值范围并没有完全达成共识,对“中塔效应”的认识存在一桥一议的事实。但自多塔悬索桥建设以来,随相关科学研究工作的不断深入,逐步认识到多塔悬索桥中间桥塔稳定性特征[
实际桥梁结构的稳定性问题以第二类稳定问题为主,需全面考虑若干非线性因素的影响,特别是几何与材料非线性的影响,属于极限承载力的范畴。桥梁结构应按弹塑性理论分析获得典型的荷载变形曲线及加载过程中桥梁结构的应力、变形等状态,从而充分把握其极限承载模式,明确桥梁设计的安全储备,以保障全桥的静力安全性。关于桥梁极限承载力的研究主要以在建桥梁为背景而展开,笔者主要论述大跨径缆索承重桥梁极限承载力的研究进展。对拱桥的相关研究情况可参考文献[
吕梁等[
自锚式悬索桥的稳定性定性分析示意图[
Diagram of qualitative analysis of stability of self-anchored suspension bridge[
从多塔斜拉桥组合桥塔外包钢壳效应[
对于主梁采用钢箱梁形式的大跨径缆索承重桥梁,上述研究按通用有限元程序的梁柱单元理论,没有考虑几何缺陷、残余应力及局部屈曲的影响,这也是当前钢结构桥梁极限承载力分析普遍存在的问题。如何全面计入影响钢桥稳定性的非线性因素,使钢桥的极限承载力分析更加精确是值得探索与研究的问题。文献[
钢桥板壳有限元模型及残余应力的考虑方式
Shell finite element models and various considerations for residual stresses
正交异性钢桥面板在长期服役过程中暴露出了疲劳开裂和铺装层损坏两个难以解决的问题,严重影响了缆索承重桥梁结构的正常使用。近年来,学者们以新材料新型桥面结构体系为主要方法从根本上克服钢桥面系统的顽疾。钢-超高性能混凝土(UHPC)桥面板经过方案提出、试验验证、理论研究及综合工程经济效益对比的系列研究,在缆索承重桥梁结构中已取得了初步的应用[
目前,对钢-UHPC桥面板的研究主要集中在构造、连接、构件方面,基本力学性能的探究较多,对相关的体系模型计算研究还比较有限。如何在体系模型中充分考虑UHPC铺装方式、徐变效应及钢-UHPC桥面板剪力滞后等的影响,并探讨缆索承重桥梁结构性能,都是值得进一步深入研究的问题[
箱梁与缆索承重桥梁分析理论是与工程实际联系十分紧密的课题,它们关注桥梁建设中最基本的施工与设计,与桥梁工程建设相生相伴。
1) 箱梁理论的应用:箱梁空间分析理论中最为突出的问题是顶底板的剪力滞后效应,通过能量法或比拟杆法重新建立波形钢腹板箱梁的剪力滞计算方法,考察了不同形式中剪力滞效应受构造参数影响的情况,如桁式底板波形钢腹板箱梁中底部桁架管件中混凝土的影响、波形钢腹板的褶皱效应等,这些研究结论为该类结构的优化设计提供了指导思路。
2) 多塔悬索桥分析理论的应用:目前,有关中塔适宜刚度理论、主缆与中塔塔顶鞍槽滑移理论及抗滑技术及人字形钢桥塔的稳定理论等方面的丰硕成果为中国几座已建及在建的多塔悬索桥提供了理论支撑与技术保障。
3) 桥梁极限承载力分析理论的应用:以非线性有限元理论为基础的桥梁极限承载力计算方法具有较多的实现形式,如实体有限元模型、多尺度有限元模型及全杆系有限元模型,以这些模型为载体对斜拉桥、自锚式悬索桥及拱桥进行分析,丰富了各类桥型极限承载力理论的内涵,对一些特殊问题的把握,如多塔斜拉桥中间组合桥塔的承载模式、自锚式悬索桥的面内弹性稳定问题等,不仅有效地消除了设计隐患,也有利于更加客观地认识桥梁结构的非线性物理特征。该理论的发展得益于新的桥梁结构形式的出现,也很好地直接指导了桥梁的建设(
大跨度桥梁极限承载力理论的工程应用实例
Applications of ultimate capacity theories of the large span bridge
4) 钢-UHPC桥面系技术理论的应用:钢-UHPC技术已在中国17座桥梁得到了应用[
新型桥梁结构体系,如波形钢腹板箱梁桥、多塔悬索桥、多塔斜拉桥、腹板易屈曲钢箱梁自锚式悬索桥、超高性能混凝土组合桥梁等,催化了桥梁结构分析理论——箱梁与大跨径桥梁理论的发展,波形钢腹板箱梁理论得到了进一步的完善,多塔悬索桥中塔效应问题在更广的参数范围内被讨论,经典桥梁极限承载力理论应用到更多的实际工程中。结合先前关于箱梁与缆索承重桥梁分析理论的讨论,对后续研究提出以下建议:
1) 针对箱梁,构件的竖向弯曲、扭转及弯扭耦合效应的研究还需进一步积极开展与完善,需要考虑材料非线性的影响,这些理论属于薄壁构件理论,可以与传统梁理论进行接轨,形成高等梁柱有限元单元,建立高效、精细的箱梁模型,用于构件压弯剪扭复杂力学行为的全过程分析。
2) 将箱梁的高等梁理论进一步融入到缆索承重桥梁的非线性分析理论中,同时,应充分重视如混凝土的开裂、钢混组合结构的界面行为及钢板的局部屈曲等力学行为,使桥梁体系杆系模型更加精细。
3) 缆索承重桥梁的精细化分析理论还需囊括局部关键区域的分析方法,如悬索桥锚跨区域索股的应力分析、自锚式悬索桥锚固段受力的精细化模拟方法、多塔悬索桥中塔主缆与索鞍相对滑移的精细化计算方法等。
4) 随着海洋桥梁工程事业的推进,非等跨三塔悬索桥、超三塔悬索桥等不同类型多塔悬索桥的理论研究需迫切开展。
5) 针对UHPC铺装方式、徐变效应及钢-UHPC桥面板剪力滞后等,建立并完善钢-UHPC桥面缆索承重桥梁的体系分析计算方法。
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