In order to further investigate the compressive performance of composite columns with 3D printed concrete permanent formwork, an interface based finite element (FE) model was established to analyze the load-displacement response and failure mode of composite columns and the same size cast-in-place columns under axial compression on the basis of the experiment. The parameter sensitivity analysis of composite columns with 3D printed concrete permanent formwork was carried out with consideration of the interface bonding property, compressive strength of cast-in-place concrete, thickness of printing template, and load eccentricity. Results showed that the ultimate axial compression bearing capacity of composite columns increased with the development of shear strength, stiffness of interface and compressive strength of cast-in-place concrete. As the compressive strength of the printing material is higher than that of the cast-in-place concrete, the compressive ultimate bearing capacity of the composite column appeared approximately linear growth with thickness of printing template, and negative linear correlation with the load eccentricity. In addition, the influence of eccentricity on the reduction of the ultimate bearing capacity of composite columns is greater than that of cast-in-place columns.