According to the solubility parameters of aged asphalt system, the effect of the recycling agent components on the compatibility of aged asphalt was studied by using the molecular dynamics method. And the mechanism between the recycling agent and the aged asphalt is investigated based on the interaction energies analysis. The results show that the aromatic is helpful to improve the compatibility of aged asphalt, and the more the aromatic is, the better the recycling effect would be. However, the effect of saturate is negative. These results are consistent with the experimental data. With the increase in dosage, the interaction energy between aromatic and aged asphalt increases significantly because of their bigger electrostatic interaction energy and smaller Van der Waals forces. However, the interaction energy between the saturate and aged asphalt shows no obvious change in which the electrostatic and van der Waals interaction energy is almost the same. The main factor for aged asphalt recycling is electrostatic interaction energy between molecules.