A new adobe wall structure was proposed and mechanisms and seismic behavior were studied. Three pieces of the specimen of the new adobe wall structure were designed. Vertical loads and low cycle horizontal loads were applied on the specimen in order to study the failure process, failure mode, hysteretic curve and skeleton curve feature. The horizontal bearing capacity and deformation capacity of the wall were also examined. Meanwhile, attention was paid to the influence of the seismic details of the wall structure on anti-seismic capacity. Test results show that the failure mode of the new adobe wall is similar to that of reinforced concrete masonry wall. The new adobe wall has favorable bearing capacity and deformation capacity. In addition, its anti-seismic performance is affected by the new seismic measures, in particular the connection. Compared with the theoretical calculation results, it is feasible to build a two-story structure housing by the new adobe wall in the 7 degree fortification regions.