To better understand the failure mechanism of shoving on steel bridge deck overlay and guide the maintenance actions, an investigation was conducted on the performance of Beipanjiang bridge in terms of pavement shoving in Guizhou province. The Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Fourier Transfer Infrared (FTIR) spectrum were employed to analyze the failure mechanism of shoving from the point of molecular scale. The results showed that the asphalt aging is not the main cause for resulting in the formation of shoving disease on steel bridge deck. In addition, the reduction of adhesive strength of the second tack coat is a secondary cause for shoving disease of the steel bridge deck from the field survey research. Further, sieve analysis was performed to investigate the shoving mechanism on steel bridge deck with Gussasphalt (GA) mixture, and the results indicated that shoving failure is due to the gradation of GA mixture and poor angularity of aggregate particle rather than aging of asphalt binder.