Biogeotechnology mainly utilizes microorganisms that widely existed in natural environment, and the metabolic functions of these microorganisms will induce serials of bio-chemical reactions with other materials in the environment. The physical mechanical and engineering properties of geo-material would remediate after the biochemical process, and thus achieving the aims of environmental purification, soil remediation and foundation treatment, etc. As a new branch of geotechnical engineering, biogeotechnology has gradually become a popular trend, many researchers have carried out a lot of related researches in recent years. This paper summarizes the representative microorganisms, the biochemical reaction processes and the function mechanisms of the microorganisms involved in the field of bio-geotechnical engineering. Then, the related researches and its applications from the aspects of bio-soil improvement technology, bio-sealing technology and metal contaminated soil remediation technology are summarized and discussed. Through the collection and summary works on this topic, it is expected to promote more comprehensive and in-depth basic researches and contribute to more practical promotion and application of the bio-technology in geotechnical engineering.