The theoretical and experimental researches on the bond interfacial shear stress of the RC beams strengthened with aluminum alloy plate (AAP) were carried out, in order to provide basis for the connection design between AAP and RC beam. It is assumed that the shear deformation of structural adhesive changes linearly along the thickness direction. Then the general solutions of the interfacial shear stress of the RC beam strengthened with AAP without anchorage under general loads were obtained according to the displacement coordination condition of the bonding interface. The analytical expression and maximum value of the interfacial shear stress under several common loads were given. Considering the influencing factors such as the thickness of AAP and U-wraps connection, 6 RC beams strengthened with AAP were designed, and the three-point loading tests of simply supported beams were carried out. Based on the relationship between the normal stress and the interfacial shear stress of the AAP, the interfacial shear stresses of the AAP were got by the strain gauge densely attached to the longitudinal axis of the AAP. According to the theoretical and experimental results, the interfacial shear stress distribution curves and the maximum interfacial shear stress were obtained. The results show that the theoretical and experimental results of the interfacial shear stress distribution curves are in good agreement, showing the same change law: the interfacial shear stress quickly falls to the vicinity of the horizontal axis after reaching the maximum at the plate end. After the crack appears, the curve fluctuates at the crack. As the thickness of AAP and the distance between plate end and support become larger, the interfacial shear stress becomes also greater, the thickness of structural adhesive becomes larger, the interfacial shear stress becomes smaller, and setting U-wraps connection, the interfacial shear stress becomes smaller.