Steel bridge has outstanding advantages, such as high ratio of strength to weight, large spanning ability, easy to factory manufacturing and assembly construction, which is an important direction of future development in bridge engineering in China. However, due to the effects of multiple factors such as service environment, load conditions, traffic demand, structural system and structural detail design, fatigue is a critical issueand has become a worldwide problem restricting the sustainable development of steel bridge. As a hot research topic of bridge engineering, considerable efforts from the field of steel bridge fatigue have been done. This paper focuses on reviewing the latest research progress in the aspects of fatigue damage evolution, service performance degradation mechanism, fatigue resistance assessment and prediction, fatigue crack monitoring and detection methods, fatigue crack reinforcement and maintenance technology of steel bridge made by the domestic and foreign scholars, and briefly summarizes the research progress in 2019 and research focus of the next stage of the steel bridge. The paper analyzes the challenges of research on the key fatigue problems of steel bridge, and discusses in detail the urgent needs and major problems for further development in the aspects of steel bridge fatigue failure mechanism, the new evaluation theory and method for fatigue resistance, the steel bridge fatigue damage of the intelligent monitoring and detecting, and the key technology for steel bridge fatigue cracking reinforcement.