Microplastics are a new type of pollutants that are difficult to degrade and are widely distributed in the ocean, fresh water, soil and wetland systems. Wetlands are an important part of the ecological environment. They are rich in animal, plant and microbial resources and play an important role in maintaining biodiversity. Therefore, the presence of microplastics may pose a threat to the diversity of wetland species. This article introduces the distribution characteristics and existing forms of microplastics in the wetland system, analyzes the toxicological effects of microplastics on the animals, plants and microorganisms of the wetland system. On the basis of previous research, it summarizes the analysis and detection method of microplastics in the wetland environmental water bodies, sediments and organisms, the detection process of microplastics in different components of the wetland environment is proposed, and the future research focus of microplastics in wetland systems is prospected. By analyzing the distribution of microplastics in the wetland and the impact of ecotoxicology, it can provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the status of microplastics in the wetland environment and provide new ideas for future research on microplastics in the wetland environment.