To further elucidate the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced concrete, carbon fiber was added to modify polymeric concrete, and the impact resistance of polymeric concrete reinforced by various contents of carbon fiber was studied. Impact compression test was carried out using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test system to investigate the influence of carbon fiber content on the impact resistance of polymeric concrete in terms of the stress-strain curve, strength, deformation characteristics and impact toughness. The results show that with continuous increases in carbon fiber content, the impact resistance of the polymeric concrete first increases and then decreases. When carbon fiber content increases to 0.2%, the dynamic compressive strength of the concrete, as well as the deformation capacity under high strain rate compression load, is at the maximum. Consequently, 0.2% is the optimal content of carbon fiber.