To deal with the high carbon emission and high cost of traditional backfilling materials, taking "green mine" as the concept, industrial solid wastes such as carbide slag, desulfurized gypsum and slag were used as cementitious components, and tailings were used as aggregates for backfilling materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to examine the hydration products and microstructure of the backfilling materials, and the working performance, mechanical properties and heavy metal solidification performance tests were carried out. The results show that the setting time and fluidity of the developed backfilling materials met the requirements of mine backfilling project. The maximum compressive strength of the backfilling body can reach up to 4.6 MPa and 7.9 MPa at 7 d and 28 d, respectively, and the concentrations of Pb and Zn in the leaching solution of the backfilling body were lower than the specified limits. Calcium hydroxide in carbide slag provided alkaline environment, and desulfurization gypsum provided sulfate ion. The aluminosilicate material in slag is activated by both, producing the hydration products that mainly consist of ettringites and C-A-S-H gels. A large number of needle like ettringite crystals and reticulated C-A-S-H gels interspersed with each other, and tightly bonded with tailings particles. With extension of age, the structure became more compact, and the backfilling would be of good mechanical properties.