A series of pollutant content tests of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and heavy metals were performed on the river sediment and overlying water obtained from five sites in Jin'an District, Fuzhou. Partition coefficient was introduced to study the correlation of pollutants between the river sediment and overlying water. The correlation of pollutans between sediment and overlying water was analyzed by the distribution coefficients of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and heavy metals. Then, introduced the relationship between the standard deviation of partition coefficient and correlation coefficient, discussed the correlation between pollutants in sediment and overlying water, and clarified its key influencing factors. The results show that the partition proportion of different pollutants in sediment and overlying water is different, and the correlation coefficient between pollutants in overlying water and sediment is quite different. The more stable the pollutant distribution coefficient is, the higher the correlation is with the pollutants in the overlying water. The clay content, organic matter content and plasticity index of sediment have a significant impact on the pollutant partition coefficient. The pollutant partition coefficient increases with the increase of clay content in the sediment, and the heavy metal partition coefficient increases with the increase of organic matter content in the sediment. The partition coefficient of organic matter and total nitrogen show an increasing trend with the increase of plasticity index. There is a good linear relationship between the logarithm of heavy metal partition coefficient and the plasticity index of sediment.