In light of the defects and deficiencies in conventional phase change concrete, a novel composite phase change material (PCM) comprising decanoic acid-lauric acid-palmitic acid was incorporated into concrete to prepare phase change concrete. Therefore, the vacuum adsorption test was conducted, and the porous matrix material was encapsulated by two kinds of encapsulation method. The compressive strength test and thermal conductivity test were carried out on PCM concrete coarse aggregates and PCM concrete with different mix proportions under different encapsulation methods. The changes of different encapsulation methods under multiple phase change cycles were evaluated, and phase change cycle tests were conducted on the coarse aggregate of phase change concrete with two different encapsulation methodologies and the phase change concrete with different proportions. The results show that after 100 phase change cycles, the compressive strength loss rate of cement slurry encapsulation is 0.69%, 0.44% and 1.09% lower than that of epoxy resin + cement powder encapsulation when the content of phase change coarse aggregate is 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. Therefore, the compressive strength loss rate of PCM encapsulated by the cement paste method can better meet the needs of pile concrete under long-term operation of energy piles. When the content of phase change coarse aggregate is 20%, the compressive strength, thermal conductivity and cyclic stability of phase change concrete are better, and the application range is wider.