To reduce the degradation of strength and prevent disintegration of carbonaceous mudstone under wet and dry cycling, tests on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and disintegration of silicone-modified carbonaceous mudstone under wet and dry cycling were carried out. The effects of the number of dry and wet cycles and the amount of organosilicon on the UCS, grain size gradation, inhomogeneity coefficient and curvature coefficient of the modified carbonaceous mudstone were studied, and the inhibition effect of organosilicon on the strength deterioration and disintegration characteristics of the charcoal mudstone was clarified. The changing pattern of microstructure of organosilicon-modified carbonaceous mudstone was also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to reveal its mechanism of inhibiting disintegration. The results showed that the pattern of modified carbonaceous mudstone was positively correlated with the organosilicon content and negatively correlated with the number of wet and dry cycles. Organosilicon can effectively increase the grain size of carbonaceous mudstone, and the content of coarse particles larger than 2 mm, the maximum grain size(D_max) and the minimum grain size (D_min) of modified carbonaceous mudstone were significantly increased after the incorporation of organosilicon. Meanwhile, the particle content of modified carbonaceous mudstone in the [10 mm, 20 mm), [5 mm, 10 mm) and [2 mm, 5 mm) grain groups changed most drastically during the disintegration process, but the greater the organosilicon content, the smaller the magnitude of the change in grain size. Moreover, the higher the organosilicon content, the smaller the change in particle size. The median grain size (d₅₀), Weibull distribution parameters (λ, k), fractal dimension (D), disintegration resistance index (I_dn) and disintegration ratio (D_r) of modified carbonaceous mudstone were positively correlated with organosilicon content and negatively correlated with the number of wet and dry cycles. However, the variation rule of the inhomogeneity coefficient (C_u) is opposite. Organosilicone mainly inhibits the strength deterioration and disintegration of carbonaceous mudstone particles by crosslinking them via a network structure and the formation of a hydrophobic film on the surface layer.