It is generally inevitable that the construction of high-speed railways induces overall or local damage to railway embankments in mountainous areas owing to complex topographic and geological conditions. With the development of geotechnical reinforcement techniques, more and more mountain railway embankments adopt geosynthetic reinforcement to solve the deformation and failure of embankments. However, the dynamic response characteristics and deformation patterns of reinforced embankments under inclined stratum conditions are still ambiguous. Based on comparative model tests of reinforced railway embankments with and without inclined bedrock, this paper investigates the dynamic response characteristics of geosynthetic-reinforced railway embankments under inclined stratum conditions. A comparative analysis of the evolution patterns of the vertical displacement, acceleration, dynamic soil pressure, and geogrid strains of geosynthetic-reinforced railway embankments was conducted. The results show that the peak vertical displacement of the inclined bedrock embankment is slightly larger than that of the uninclined one, and the peak vertical displacements of both cases decrease with the increase of loading frequency. The peak vertical acceleration and peak vertical dynamic soil pressure of the inclined bedrock embankment are obviously larger than those of the uninclined one, and both increase with the increase of loading frequency and decrease with the increase of embedment depth. When the embedment depth is the same, the soil below the loading center of the embankment has the largest peak vertical acceleration and peak dynamic soil pressure, followed by the side away from the bedrock, and the side near the bedrock has the smallest values. The peak strains of the embankment geogrids all decrease with increasing embedment depth of the geogrids, and the two layers of geogrids near the top of the embankment decay less, whereas the peak strain of the geogrids of the inclined bedrock-reinforced embankment is about twice as much as that of the uninclined bedrock-reinforced embankment at the same loading frequency.