In recent years, the burden of health risks caused by dust particles generated by industrial operations has gradually increased. A large number of studies have shown that long-term exposure to productive dust particles is closely related to workers' respiratory occupational diseases, and the relationship between indoor exposure to dust particles in industrial buildings and adverse health effects of workers has been clarified. It is of great significance for scientific evaluation of industrial building environmental safety and guarantee of workers' health. At present, the research on toxicity and biological effects of dust particles has gradually shifted the focus of research on dust particle exposure from environmental assessment to individual health effects. However, the correlation between exposure to industrial dust particles and health effects has not yet been fully clarified, and the impact of exposure to different types and levels of dust particles on health effects in industrial sites remains to be clarified. This paper reviews the progress of research on the health effects of industrial dust particles at home and abroad from three aspects: the possible damage caused by dust particles on respiratory system health, the correlation of health effects of dust exposure and health risk assessment, and clarifies the effects of exposure on health and the current theoretical deficiencies in quantifying the mechanism of action of dust particles based on exposure effect models. And the urgency of effective biomarker selection, to provide reference information for the future scientific protection of workers' health, different types of industrial environmental monitoring guidelines and development of control and improvement means.