In order to study the early autogenous shrinkage performance of polyvinyl alcohol fiber cement-based composites ( PVA-FRCC ) mixed with aeolian sand and establish a autogenous shrinkage prediction model. This paper takes aeolian sand replacement rate, fiber volume rate, water-binder ratio and sand-binder ratio as research variables. The autogenous shrinkage of the material within 7 days was tested by shrinkage test, and the influence of various factors on autogenous shrinkage was summarized. The pore fluid saturation, porosity and pore size of the specimen were tested by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance test. The influence mechanism of aeolian sand on autogenous shrinkage is revealed. The results show that aeolian sand has porous water absorption and small elastic modulus. When the water-binder ratio is small, the autogenous shrinkage increases with the increase of the replacement rate of aeolian sand. When the water-binder ratio is large, the autogenous shrinkage decreases with the increase of the replacement rate of aeolian sand. The internal curing effect of PVA fiber reduces the autogenous shrinkage. When the water-binder ratio is small, the chemical shrinkage caused by the hydration reaction increases, resulting in an increase in autogenous shrinkage ; the increase of sand-binder ratio increases the absolute content of aeolian sand, which leads to the increase of autogenous shrinkage. The overall pore size of PVA-FRCC mixed with aeolian sand is small, and the most probable pore size is about 10 nm. The increase of pore porosity after the increase of aeolian sand replacement rate is the main reason for the increase of autogenous shrinkage. Finally, considering the influence of various factors, the early autogenous shrinkage prediction model of PVA-FRCC mixed with aeolian sand was established. The calculated values of the model were in good agreement with the experimental values.