Hydrodynamic conditions play an essential role in algal growth and migration, but the mechanisms underlying algal responses to turbulence remain poorly understood. This paper systematically reviews the effects of turbulence on algal biomass accumulation and vertical migration, and further examines key factors affecting algal sensitivity to turbulent environments. First, turbulence regulates biomass by disrupting cellular processes, such as cell division and energy metabolism (photosynthesis and nutrient absorption). Second, turbulence alters vertical migration behavior by mediating algal buoyancy and mechanical stability. Finally, factors affecting algal turbulence sensitivity are analyzed in terms of cellular physiological structures and cell cycle phases. In view of current research gaps, future directions are proposed: deepening investigations into molecular regulatory mechanisms, establishing more comprehensive turbulence research frameworks, and improving coupled models linking algal physiology with turbulent physical structures to improve simulation accuracy. This review aims to provide theoretical support for understanding algal behavior under changing hydrodynamic conditions, developing bloom prevention and control strategies, and evaluating aquatic ecosystem services.