Currently, the development of the construction industry presents a new situation and pattern. After decades of rapid development, the field of infrastructure construction in China has shown a certain saturation state, and the construction speed of new buildings in China has slowed down. Therefore, the construction industry begins to focus on the reinforcement and repair of existing buildings. Combined with the experimental teaching of life cycle maintenance of engineering structures, this paper analyzes in the failure mode and ultimate bearing capacity of concrete beam systems strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), summarizes the new methods and ideas of using new materials to carry out bending tests of concrete beams, and puts forward the innovative reform of the structural experiment teaching mode, which integrates major national needs, engineering practice and teaching experiments. As the optimization and supplement of traditional teaching, this mode is conducive to stimulating students’ experimental interest and innovative thinking, and cultivating their ability to find and solve problems as well as combine theory and engineering application.