Under the background of emerging engineering education, the experimental teaching of rock mechanics is an important link to cultivate undergraduates’ practical ability, which is faced with problems such as the lack of integration between teaching content and practical needs, the lack of rock collection and sample preparation processes, and the single teaching methods. This paper proposes a multi-dimensional collaborative teaching reform scheme. First, introduce engineering case-driven teaching to strengthen the in-depth integration of theories and practical engineering, and stimulate students’ desire for exploration and knowledge. Second, rely on universities to build online classrooms, adopt an online and offline blended teaching mode, and invite project leaders to give lectures to enrich teaching resources. Third, introduce artificial intelligence data processing methods to improve the efficiency and accuracy of experimental data analysis. The teaching practice of this reform in the experimental courses of geological engineering at Hohai University shows that the reform has effectively reshaped students’ learning experience and remarkably improved their ability to solve practical engineering problems, providing important support for the cultivation of composite talents with innovative spirit.