Since the launch of the 14th Five-Year Plan period, the academic innovation level of engineering postgraduates in China has made breakthrough progress. However, their engineering practice ability is relatively weak. After entering the workplace, they cannot be directly integrated into production in the short term, and their professional competence is low, which seriously hinders the high-quality cultivation of engineering postgraduates in China. This article systematically summarizes the three core shortcomings of the practical scenarios for cultivating the professional competence of engineering postgraduates in colleges and universities, namely the closed nature of the knowledge system, the static nature of the knowledge system, and the single nature of the evaluation standards. It also analyzes the problems faced by the joint cultivation of professional competence of engineering postgraduates by colleges and universities and enterprises, such as the misalignment of the training goals, the inefficient integration of the collaborative mechanism, and the lack of impetus in the development path. Centering on the dynamic coordination mechanism of demand and supply, the integrated resource platform of industry and research, and the growth mechanism of subject-driven capabilities, the construction ideas and implementation routes for enhancing the professional competence of engineering postgraduates through "industry-research integration" have been proposed. Finally, the initial construction achievements and experiences of the "industry-research integration" training model were summarized and analyzed through examples. The research results have guiding and reference significance for improving the quality of professional competence training for engineering postgraduates.