In response to prominent issues in the postgraduate course Water Environment Science, including the misalignment between teaching content and regional demands, insufficient cultivation of students’ innovative capacity, and superficial industry–education integration, this study systematically implements comprehensive reforms guided by the Outcome-Based Education (OBE) framework. The reforms encompass the reconstruction of course objectives, integration of teaching content, innovation in pedagogical approaches, and optimization of assessment mechanisms. By establishing a practice pathway characterized by “demand-driven orientation, dynamic restructuring, integration of virtual and real scenarios, and five-party collaboration,” a modular curriculum system, scenario-based teaching model, and multidimensional evaluation framework are developed. The results demonstrate that the proposed reforms effectively enhance postgraduate students’ ability to address complex water environmental issues, facilitate the transformation of research outcomes into teaching resources, and achieve efficient alignment between talent cultivation and regional water environmental governance needs. This study provides a replicable practical paradigm for curriculum reform in environmental postgraduate education at local universities.