To address the demand for whole-life-cycle engineering competency cultivation, this study develops an intelligent construction talent cultivation model using structural health monitoring (SHM) as a carrier. A four-dimensional competency model, a three-tier course chain, and a progressive cognition-training-practice teaching system covering the whole life-cycle of design-construction-operation and maintenance are established. A practical training apparatus for whole-life-cycle competency cultivation is developed, and a multi-dimensional dynamic assessment system is constructed. Practice results show that this model connects the whole-life-cycle competency cultivation pathway involving technical mastery in the design phase, comprehensive application in the construction phase, and innovative decision-making in the operation and maintenance phase, and can provide a reference for talent cultivation in the intelligent transformation of the construction industry.